BNO Acoustics XV-16 Floppy Disk (Floppy Disc)

A round flat object (usually housed in a protective sleeve) coated with material that can be magnetized in a similar manner to tape.

I/O
Short for "Input/Output' and referring to:
1) An in-line console module that contains controls for the input section, output section and monitor section.
2) A module in electronic gear containing input and output amplifiers for the device.
3) A digital port (connector) able to both receive digital data and output digital data.

BNO Speakers High Impedance
Impedance of 5000 or more ohms.

Digital Recording
1) ADAM : (Akai Digital Audio Multitrack). 12 track recording onto Video 8 tape. 16 bit, 44.1 or 48 kHz sampling rate.
2) DAT (Digital Audio Tape) Cassette-like system which has much higher quality than standard audio cassettes. Widely used in gathering sound effects, for news gathering, and for playback of music.
3) DCC (Digital Compact Cassette) Rival to DAT which also plays standard audio cassettes.
4) MiniDisc : Uses computer disk technology, rather than tape. A laser heats an area of magnetic disk which is then written to by a magnetic head. When cooled, the magnetic information is read from the disk by laser. Tracks can be named, and are instant start. Very theatre-friendly system.
5) Direct to Disk : Uses the hard disk present in most PCs as the recording medium.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Equal Loudness Contours
A drawing of several curves showing how loud the tones of different frequencies would have to be played for a person to say they were of equal loudness.

Headphones
Devices that can be worn on the head with small speakers that fit over the ears (or sometimes into the ears).

Boom
1) A hand-held, telescoping pole used to hold the microphone in recording dialogue in film production.
2) A telescoping support arm that is attached to a microphone stand and which holds the microphone. 3) Loosely, a boomstand.

Engineer
1) A technician in charge of a recording session; Also called Recording Engineer.
2) A person with an engineering degree.
3) A person with sufficient experience in the field to be equivalent to the education one would receive earning an engineering degree.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Electromagnetic Induction or Pick Up

The generation of electrical signal in a conductor moving in a magnetic field or being close to a changing magnetic field.

Keyboard Controller
A device that has the standard music keys of piano but puts out MIDI signals

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Attenuator (Pot)
The electronic dohickey under the knobs that increases or reduces the strength of the signal running through it. When these get old and dirty, they can make popping noises or rumbles in your PA (As in "my pots are dirty").
Assign Tochoose to which place an output is going to be sent.

Efficiency
The acoustic power delivered for a given electrical input. Often expressed as decibels/watt/meter (dB/w/m). ESL �" Abbreviation for electrostatic loudspeaker.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Final Mix
The two track stereo master tape which was mixed from the multitrack master.

Boundary Mic
A microphone mounted on a flat plate that acts as a reflective surface directing sound into the mic capsule. Used for general pick-up over a large area. See PCC, PZM.

Echo Send Control
A control to send the signal from the input module to the echo chamber or effects device via the echo buss.

Edit
A switch that does different things depending on the operational mode that the machine is in:
1) If a computer-controlled transport is in "Stop," pushing the "Edit" switch deactivates the computer-controlled tension system and allows the reels to be moved by hand to find the exact spot desired on the tape.
2) If the machine is in "Play", the "Edit" switch makes the take-up reel cease taking up the tape and it falls to the floor.
3) If the machine is in a fast-wind mode, the tape lifters are defeated so the tape is in contact with the reproduce head and the engineer can hear where the selections begin and end.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Infinite Repeat

A function on some delay lines that establish enough feedback so that the repeat echo will last forever, but not so much as to cause a howling sound.

Arc
The visible sparks generated by an electrical discharge.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Equalizer (Parametric, Graphic)
This is used to filter out and adjust specific frequencies in the PA. This is the part of the PA where you have the most control over the band's overall sound. It is also the number one weapon against feedback.

Instrument Out Direct
Feeding the output of an electric instrument (like an electric guitar) to the recording console or tape recorder without using a microphone.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Clipping
Distortion of a signal by its being chopped off. An overload problem caused by pushing an amplifier beyond its capabilities. The flat-topped signal has high levels of harmonic distortion which creates heat in a loudspeaker and is the major cause of loudspeaker component failure.

Format
1) The number of tracks, their width, spacing and order for tape recording.
2) To prepare a digital storage medium so that it will accept and store digital information bits.

Ground
In electronics, a place (terminal) that has zero volts.

Isolation
A containing of the sound wave in a certain area so that it will not leak into other areas and/or unintended mics.

BNO TS-10 Equalizer (Parametric, Graphic)

This is used to filter out and adjust specific frequencies in the PA. This is the part of the PA where you have the most control over the band's overall sound. It is also the number one weapon against feedback.

Electronics
1) On a tape machine, the housing for and the channel circuitry which processes the signal to be fed to the heads, provide bias, and playback.
2) The branch of science dealing with the behaviour of electrons/charges in vacuums, gases, semiconductors and special conductors.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Electret Condenser
A condenser microphone that has a permanently polarized (charged) variable capacitor as its sound pressure level sensor.

Fade
1) A gradual reduction of the level of the audio signal.
2) A gradual change of level from one pre-set level to another.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Foot (Foot Drum)
Another name for Bass Drum (the largest drum in the Drum Kit which puts out bass frequencies and is played with a foot pedal).

Active/Inactive Microphones
Scientific definitions aside, active microphones generally sound better than inactive ones, but they generally cost more. They also require the use of either a battery or phantom power while inactive mics need only be plugged into the mic cord in order to work. In most playing situations, the subtle improvement in sound quality from an active mic isn't worth the extra cost and hassle. One possible exception it the headset mic. Put simply, inactive headset mics just plain suck. Active headset mics put out a much stronger signal and feed back much less.

Crossover
1) A route leading from one side of the stage to the other, out of the audiences view.
2) An electronic filter in a sound system that routes sound of the correct frequency to the correct part of the speaker system. Different speakers handle high frequencies (tweeters) and low frequencies (woofers). Sometimes known as a crossover network. An active crossover splits the signal from the mixing desk into high, mid and low frequencies which are then sent to three separate amplifiers.
3) An electrical circuit that divides a full bandwidth signal into the desired frequency bands for the loudspeaker components.

Frequency Range
The range of frequencies over which an electronic device is useful or over which a sound source will put out substantial energy.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 Barrier Micing

A method of placing the head of a microphone as close as possible to a reflective surface, preventing phase cancellation.

Headphones
Devices that can be worn on the head with small speakers that fit over the ears (or sometimes into the ears).

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Condenser Mic (Capacitor Mic)
A microphone that uses the varying capacitance between two plates with a voltage applied across them to convert sound to electrical pulses. Condenser microphones need a power supply to provide the voltage across the plates, which may be provided by a battery within the case of the microphone, or it may be provided from an external phantom power supply. A condenser mic is more sensitive and has a faster reaction to percussive sounds than a Dynamic mic and produces a more even response. See Electret Mic.

Bottom
The bass frequencies (as in "needs more bottom end").

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Crossover (Crossover Network)
A set of filters that "split" the audio signal into two or more bands (two or more signals, each of which have only some of the frequencies present).

Cue Send Control
A control that will adjust the amount of signal sent to a cue buss from a console channel.

Echo Chamber
1) A room designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces and equipped with a speaker and microphone.
2) Any artificial or electronic device that simulates the reverberation created in a room.

Feed
To send an audio or control signal to.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Headphones

Devices that can be worn on the head with small speakers that fit over the ears (or sometimes into the ears).

DC
Abbreviation for direct current.

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Centre Frequency
The frequency of the audio signal that is boosted or attenuated most by an equalizer with a peak equalization curve.

Foot (Foot Drum)
Another name for Bass Drum (the largest drum in the Drum Kit which puts out bass frequencies and is played with a foot pedal).

BNO TS-10 Front Loaded
A speaker cabinet where the speaker faces out toward the front.

Line
1) Short for line level.
2) A cable.

Chord
Three or more musical pitches sung or played together.

Alternating Current
Electric current which flows back and forth in a circuit.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Auxiliary Input or Return

A route back into the sound desk for a signal sent to a piece of outboard equipment via an auxiliary send.

Compact Disc Recordable CDR
A blank Compact Disc that can be recorded on one time.

BNO TS-10 Echo Send Control
A control to send the signal from the input module to the echo chamber or effects device via the echo buss.

Compression Driver
The unit that feeds a sound pressure wave into the throat of a horn (in a horn loudspeaker).

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Inductor
A device designed primarily to introduce inductance into an electric circuit. Sometimes called a choke or coil.

Hard Disk (Hard Disc)
A storage unit for digital data that has rigid disks coated with magnetic material in a housing that includes the drive mechanism.

Limiter
A device which reduces gain when the input voltage exceeds a certain level.

Impedance
1) A term for the electrical resistance found in a/c circuits. Affects the ability of a cable to transmit low level (e.g. sound) signals over a long distance. Measured in Ohms. Speakers are rated according to power handling capabilities (Watts, W) and impedance (Ohms).
2) The total opposition offered by an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current of a single frequency. It is a combination of resistance and reactance and is measured in ohms. Remember that a speaker's impedance changes with frequency, it is not a constant value.
3) The opposition to alternating current.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 Echo Chamber

1) A room designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces and equipped with a speaker and microphone.
2) Any artificial or electronic device that simulates the reverberation created in a room.

DC
Abbreviation for direct current.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Balls
1) The depth and thickness of a sound, usually on the bottom end of the EQ (as in "needs more balls"). 2) The strength of the voice on the mic (as in "check it like you have some balls").

Keynote Number
A number assigned to each key of a synthesizer or controller keyboard that is transmitted in the MIDI signal.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Ambient Micing
Placing a microphone in the reverberant field (where the reverberation is louder than the direct sound) so as to do a separate recording of the ambience or to allow the recording engineer to change the mix of direct to reverberant sound in recording.

Hz (Hertz)
1) An abbreviation for the term Hertz (the unit of frequency).
2) Unit of frequency equivalent to the number of cycles per second.

Gain Structure
The way in which the gain varies in the stages or sections of an audio system.

Half Step
A pitch difference of the amount that is present between adjacent keys on a piano.

BNO TS-10 Basic Session

The First session in recording an audio production to record the Basic Tracks.

Error Message
A prompt on a computer screen telling the operator that an error has occurred.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Frets
Vertical metal wires which sit vertically on the guitar neck.

Auxiliary Input or Return
A route back into the sound desk for a signal sent to a piece of outboard equipment via an auxiliary send.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Input Overload
Sending too high of a signal level into a device so that the first amplifier of the device overloads.

Hum
The 60 Hz power line current accidentally induced or fed into electronic equipment.

Direct box
Used in line to convert a high impedance signal into a low impedance signal.

Delay (Digital, Analogue)
1) Effect used to create echo…echo…echo…echo…echo…
2) In more advanced systems used in very large venues, delay can be used to time the arrival of the signal to the speakers in the back of the room so that people in the back hear the sound coming from those speakers at the same time that the sound coming from the speakers in the front of the room arrives.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 Compact Disc Recordable CDR

A blank Compact Disc that can be recorded on one time.

Frequency Range
The range of frequencies over which an electronic device is useful or over which a sound source will put out substantial energy.

BNO Acoustics YM-44 Analog (Analogue)
Representative, continuous changes that relate to another quantity that has a continuous change.

Bank
1) A collection of sound patches (data as to the sequence and operating parameters of the synthesizer generators and modifiers) in memory.
2) A group of sound modules as a unit.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Level
The amount of signal strength; the amplitude, especially the average amplitude.

Cardioid Pattern
A microphone pick up pattern, which has maximum pick up from the front, less pick up from the sides, and least pick up from the back of the diaphragm.

Ground Lift
A switch that breaks the connection between the ground point in one circuit and the ground point in another circuit.

Input
1) The jack or physical location of where a device receives a signal.
2) The signal being received by a device.
3) The action of receiving a signal by a device.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Echo Send Control

A control to send the signal from the input module to the echo chamber or effects device via the echo buss.

Byte
A grouping of eight information bits.

BNO Speakers Electronics
1) On a tape machine, the housing for and the channel circuitry which processes the signal to be fed to the heads, provide bias, and playback.
2) The branch of science dealing with the behaviour of electrons/charges in vacuums, gases, semiconductors and special conductors.

Cycle
1) An alternation of a waveform which begins at a point, passes through the zero line, and ends at a point with the same value and moving in the same direction as the starting point.
2) On a Solid State Logic Console, a command to have the console computer control the tape machine to play and replay a certain section of the tape.

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Frequency
Practically speaking, high frequency means high pitch and low frequency means low pitch.

Binary
A numbering system based on two. In binary there are two symbols used ("l" and "0").

Amp
1) An abbreviation of the term Amplifier (A device which increases the level of an electrical signal.
2) An abbreviation of Ampere (the unit of current).
3) An abbreviation of amplitude (the height of a waveform above or below the zero line).

Imaging
To make a representation or imitation of the original sonic event.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 AES/EBU

Professional Interface A standard for sending and receiving digital audio adopted by the Audio Engineering Society and the European Broadcast Union.

Group Master
A slide control used to send out a control voltage to several VCA faders in individual channels, thus controlling the gain of several channels.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Electric Current
A more formal term meaning the same as the term Current (the amount of electron charge passing a point in a conductor per unit of time).

Gain Reduction
The working of a limiter or compressor reducing gain during high-level passages.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Boost
To increase gain, especially to increase gain at specific frequencies with an equalizer.

DC
Abbreviation for direct current.

Crisp
Describes a good clean high midrange sound. It can be good or bad depending on the look on the face of the guy who said it.

Bank
1) A collection of sound patches (data as to the sequence and operating parameters of the synthesizer generators and modifiers) in memory.
2) A group of sound modules as a unit.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Hard Disk (Hard Disc)

A storage unit for digital data that has rigid disks coated with magnetic material in a housing that includes the drive mechanism.

Initialize
To prepare a digital storage medium (like a floppy disk) so that it will accept and store digital information bits.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Gain
1) Knob usually found at the top of each input channel on the soundboard. Used to set input levels of the separate channels to relatively equal positions.
2) The amount of increase in audio signal strength, often expressed in dB.

Frequency Range
The range of frequencies over which an electronic device is useful or over which a sound source will put out substantial energy.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Amplification
An increasing of signal strength.

Balanced input/output
A "balanced" connection is one that has three wires to move the signal. One is a ground, and the other two (called conductors) carry signals of equal value. This is why they are called balanced. Low Z cables and connections are the most common example.

A/D
An abbreviation of Analog to Digital Conversion (the conversion of a quantity that has continuous changes into numbers that approximate those changes), or Analog to Digital Converter.

Gain Reduction
The working of a limiter or compressor reducing gain during high-level passages.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Instrument Amplifier

A device that has a power amplifier and speaker in a case (or in separate cases) to reproduce the signal put out by an electric instrument (such as an electric guitar) and to allow the instrument to be heard.

Boom Stand
A microphone stand equipped with a telescoping support arm to hold the microphone.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Bass
1) The lower range of audio frequencies up to approximately 250 Hz.
2) Short for Bass Guitar.
3) Lower end of the musical scale. In acoustics, the range (below about 200 Hz) in which there are difficulties, principally in the reproduction of sound, due to the large wavelengths involved.
4) The lower frequencies.
5) On the soundboard this should refer to the bass guitar channel, not the bass drum.
6) The lowest frequencies of sound. Bi-Amplification uses an electronic crossover or line-level amplifiers for the high and low frequency loudspeaker drivers.

Cord (Speaker, Mic, Instrument)
Used to connect a sound system together. Each type of cord is made for a specific purpose and should not be used in place of another type of cord, not even if they look alike. Also see "cable"

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Basic Session
The First session in recording an audio production to record the Basic Tracks.

CPU
Abbreviation of Central Processing Unit (The main "brain" chip of a computer or the main housing of a computer that contains the "brain" chip).

Link
(Said of compressors and dynamic processing units.) To combine the control input signals of two channels of a compressor (o

Engineer
1) A technician in charge of a recording session; Also called Recording Engineer.
2) A person with an engineering degree.
3) A person with sufficient experience in the field to be equivalent to the education one would receive earning an engineering degree.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 Analog (Analogue)

Representative, continuous changes that relate to another quantity that has a continuous change.

Humbucker
Pickups that are coupled together to get a certain sound.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Capsule
1) The variable capacitor section of a condenser microphone.
2) In other types of microphones, the part of the microphone that includes the diaphragm and the active element.

Crisp
Describes a good clean high midrange sound. It can be good or bad depending on the look on the face of the guy who said it.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Fader
A control to control the gain of a channel on the console, thereby determining the level of the signal in that channel.

Guitar Controller
An electric guitar or device played like an electric guitar that puts out MIDI signals that can be used to control synthesizers and sound modules.

Feed
To send an audio or control signal to.

First Generation
A descriptive term meaning original (as opposed to a copy).

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Feedback Control

The control on a delay line or delay effects device that controls the amount of feedback.

Keyboard
1) Any musical instrument controlled by pressing a key.
2) The part of the computer that has the keys.

BNO TS-10 Effects
Electronic boxes (usually rack mounted) added to a PA system to subtly change and enhance the signals going through it. Examples include; Reverb, Delay, Compressor, Chorus.

Generating Element
The portion of the microphone that actually converts the movement of the diaphragm into electrical current or voltage changes.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Input Monitor
A switch position and operational mode of the electronics of a tape machine where the signal at output of the electronics will be the same as the signal coming into the electronics. In this mode, the tape machine's meter will read the input signal.

Fat
Having more than a normal amount of signal strength at low frequencies or having more sound than normal (by use of compression or delay).

Icon
A visual picture or symbol on a computer screen that represents a file, program or disc that can be used.

Lead
The musical instrument that plays the melody of the tune, including the vocal.

BNO Speakers Crossover, Passive

Used inside of full range speaker cabinets to separate highs, mids, and lows and send them to their respective speakers within the each cabinet. These are not as efficient as active crossovers because they require all frequencies to draw from the same source of amplification.

Haas Effect
Simply stated, a factor in human hearing where delay has a much bigger effect on human perception of direction than level does.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Jam Sync
A generation of new SMPTE according to the input SMPTE signal

Coax
Two-conductor cable consisting of one conductor surrounded by a shield.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Console
A set of controls and their housing, which control all signals necessary for recording and mixing.

Channels
These are divided into two separate categories. Input channels are those channels coming into the soundboard such as microphones and direct lines. Output channels are those leaving the board such as monitor and main outputs.

Hz (Hertz)
1) An abbreviation for the term Hertz (the unit of frequency).
2) Unit of frequency equivalent to the number of cycles per second.

Foldback
A European term for the signal sent to the stage monitors in a live performance.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Absorption

Short for the term Acoustical Absorption (quality of a surface or substance to take in, not reflect, a sound wave).

Echo Return
An input of the console, which brings back the echo (reverberation) signal from the echo chamber or other echo effects device.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Boom Stand
A microphone stand equipped with a telescoping support arm to hold the microphone.

Folded Horn
A speaker design where the speaker points back into the cabinet and bounces around finally coming out large ports in the front. It is intended to maximize low frequencies in a relatively small cabinet.

BNO TS-10 Chase
The automatic adjusting of the speed of a recorder (or sequencer) to be time with another recorder.

Inductor
A device designed primarily to introduce inductance into an electric circuit. Sometimes called a choke or coil.

Central Processing Unit
1) The main "brain" chip of a computer that performs the calculations and execution of instructions.
2) The main housing of a computer that contains the "brain" chip as opposed to other pieces of the computer system such as keyboards, monitors, etc.

Ground Loop
A double grounding of a line or electronic device at two different "ground" points of differing voltage.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Kilo

A prefix meaning 1000.

Envelope
1) How a sound or audio signal varies in intensity over a time span.
2) How a control voltage varies in level over time controlling a parameter of something other than gain or audio level.

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Balance
1) The relative level of two or more instruments in a mix, or the relative level of audio signals in the channels of a stereo recording. 2) To make the relative levels of audio signals in the channels of a stereo recording even.

High Impedance
Impedance of 5000 or more ohms.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Line In (Input, return)
Where a signal enters the board or component.

Electrostatic Charge
The excess or deficiency of electrons in a given area.

File
A collection of digital data stored in a computer's memory bank or on a floppy disc.

Amplitude
The height of a waveform above or below the zero line.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Fundamental

The tuned frequency and (almost always) the lowest frequency that is present in the sounding of a pitch by a musical instrument.

In Port
A jack on a MIDI device or computer that will accept an incoming data signal.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Headroom
1) The level difference (in dB) between normal operating level and clipping level in an amplifier or audio device.
2) A similar level difference between normal tape operating level and the level where the distortion would be 3%.
3) The difference, in decibels, between the peak and RMS levels in program material.

IC
Abbreviation of Integrated Circuit (A miniature circuit of many components that is in small, sealed housing with prongs to connect it into equipment).

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Envelope
1) How a sound or audio signal varies in intensity over a time span.
2) How a control voltage varies in level over time controlling a parameter of something other than gain or audio level.

Gate
A dynamic processing device that turns a channel off or down when the signal drops below a certain level.

Decibel (dB)
1) Relative measurement for the volume (loudness) of sound. Also used to measure the difference between two voltages, or two currents. See Zero dB.
2) A numerical expression of the relative loudness of a sound. The difference in decibels between two
sounds is ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of their power levels.

Aux Send
Short for the term Auxiliary Send (a control to adjust the level of the signal sent from the console input channel to the auxiliary equipment through the aux buss.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Auxiliary Equipment

Effects devices separate from but working with the recording console.

Flamenco
A style of music with roots in Spanish and Arabic culture.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Electricity
Electrical current (the amount of electron charge passing a point in a conductor per unit of time) or voltage (the force pushing electrons to obtain electrical current).

High Impedance
Impedance of 5000 or more ohms.

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Capacitance
That property of a capacitor which determines how much charge can be stored in it for a given potential difference between its terminals, measured in farads, by the ratio of the charge stored to the potential difference.

Distorted
The way your PA sounds just before it blows up. Fuzzy and scratchy. If you hear this, it either means you have something hooked up wrong, or something in the system is going bad. It could be anything from your super expensive soundboard to a five dollar patch cord.

Infinite Baffle
A baffle so large that the sounds coming from one side do not reach the other side.

In-Line Console
A console with modules that have controls for all console sections in one long strip.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Interface

Any device that allows one unit to work, drive or communicate with another unit when they cannot do so by just feeding each other often because the units are manufactured by different companies.

Current
The amount of electron charge passing a point in a conductor per unit of time.

BNO Speakers Foot Switch
A switch placed on the floor and pressed by a musician to do various functions.

Attack
The rate the sound begins and increases in volume.

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Analog (Analogue)
Representative, continuous changes that relate to another quantity that has a continuous change.

Far Field
The area from 3 feet away from the sound source up to the critical distance.

Balance Control
A control on a stereo amplifier that when moved clockwise will make the right channel louder (and the left channel softer) and will do the reverse when moved counter-clockwise.

Line
1) Short for line level.
2) A cable.

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Boost

To increase gain, especially to increase gain at specific frequencies with an equalizer.

Chamber
1) An Echo Chamber (a room designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces equipped with a speaker and microphone so that when dry signals from the console are fed to the speaker, the microphone will have a reverberation of these signals that can be mixed in with the dry signals at the console).
2) A program in a delay/reverb effects device that simulates the sound of an Echo Chamber.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Controller
1) In MIDI, a device that generates a MIDI signal to control synthesizers, sound modules or sample playback units.
2) A remote control unit for a multitrack tape machine which controls transport functions as well as monitor selection switching functions and record ready/safe status of each track.
3) Any device generating a control voltage or signal fed to another device's control input.

Basic Session
The First session in recording an audio production to record the Basic Tracks.

BNO Acoustics YM-44 Fletcher Munson Effect
A hearing limitation shown by Fletcher Munson Equal Loudness Contours (as music is lowered in volume, it is much more difficult to hear bass frequencies and somewhat harder to hear very high frequencies).

Front Loaded
A speaker cabinet where the speaker faces out toward the front.

Inverse Square Law
Simply stated, the fact that in an un-obstructed area (like an open field) the sound pressure level will drop to half-pressure (-6 dB) every time the distance to the sound source is doubled.

kHz
An Abbreviation of kilo-Hertz.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Equal Loudness Contours

A drawing of several curves showing how loud the tones of different frequencies would have to be played for a person to say they were of equal loudness.

Flamenco
A style of music with roots in Spanish and Arabic culture.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Binary
A numbering system based on two. In binary there are two symbols used ("l" and "0").

Insert
1) A punch in of the all of the tracks being recorded in a recording session.
2) On Solid State Logic consoles, placing an outboard piece of gear in the channel by patching and activating a switch.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Floppy Disk (Floppy Disc)
A round flat object (usually housed in a protective sleeve) coated with material that can be magnetized in a similar manner to tape.

Clock Signal
The signal put out by a circuit that generates steady even pulses or steady codes used for synchronization.

Atom
The smallest particle which makes up a specific substance. It's composed of a center around which electrons revolve.

Compression Ratio
How many dB the input signal has to rise above the threshold for every one dB more output of a compressor or limiter.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Line Out (Output, Send)

Where a signal leaves the board or component.

Consumer Format (Consumer DIF)
A standard adopted by IEC for sending and receiving digital audio based on The AES Professional Interface.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Comb Filter
1) The frequency response achieved by mixing a direct signal with a delayed signal of equal strength especially at short delays.
2) Loosely used to also describe effects that can be achieved with comb filtering as part of the processing.

Foot Pedal
1) An effects device where the amount of the effect can be controlled by a musician with his foot.
2) The beater mechanism of a foot drum that is activated by the drummer's foot to play the drum.
3) Any device, like a volume control, that can be operated by the foot.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Chase
The automatic adjusting of the speed of a recorder (or sequencer) to be time with another recorder.

Compact Disc Recordable CDR
A blank Compact Disc that can be recorded on one time.

Amp
1) An abbreviation of the term Amplifier (A device which increases the level of an electrical signal.
2) An abbreviation of Ampere (the unit of current).
3) An abbreviation of amplitude (the height of a waveform above or below the zero line).

Echo Return
An input of the console, which brings back the echo (reverberation) signal from the echo chamber or other echo effects device.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Digital Recording

1) ADAM : (Akai Digital Audio Multitrack). 12 track recording onto Video 8 tape. 16 bit, 44.1 or 48 kHz sampling rate.
2) DAT (Digital Audio Tape) Cassette-like system which has much higher quality than standard audio cassettes. Widely used in gathering sound effects, for news gathering, and for playback of music.
3) DCC (Digital Compact Cassette) Rival to DAT which also plays standard audio cassettes.
4) MiniDisc : Uses computer disk technology, rather than tape. A laser heats an area of magnetic disk which is then written to by a magnetic head. When cooled, the magnetic information is read from the disk by laser. Tracks can be named, and are instant start. Very theatre-friendly system.
5) Direct to Disk : Uses the hard disk present in most PCs as the recording medium.

Isolation
A containing of the sound wave in a certain area so that it will not leak into other areas and/or unintended mics.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 AES/EBU
Professional Interface A standard for sending and receiving digital audio adopted by the Audio Engineering Society and the European Broadcast Union.

I/O
Short for "Input/Output' and referring to:
1) An in-line console module that contains controls for the input section, output section and monitor section.
2) A module in electronic gear containing input and output amplifiers for the device.
3) A digital port (connector) able to both receive digital data and output digital data.

BNO Acoustics GK-3 Jam Sync
A generation of new SMPTE according to the input SMPTE signal

Absorption
Short for the term Acoustical Absorption (quality of a surface or substance to take in, not reflect, a sound wave).

Harmonics
Integer multiples of a fundamental frequency, the fundamental itself being the first harmonic, its first overtone the second harmonic, etc. Attributing to instruments, voices, etc. their distinctive timbre.

Headphones
Devices that can be worn on the head with small speakers that fit over the ears (or sometimes into the ears).

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Error Concealment

Putting replacement information bits into a digital audio signal to replace lost bits when the digital recording or processing system cannot verify whether the lost bits were l's or 0's but can make a good guess by comparing the known bits that were close in position to the lost bits.

Expansion
The opposite of compression; for example, an expander may allow the signal to increase 2 dB every time the signal input increased by 1 dB.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Clip
The action of deforming a waveform during overload.

Acoustic/Acoustical
Having to do with sound that can be heard by the ears.
AcousticsThe behaviour of sound and its study. The acoustics of a room depend on its size and shape and the amount and position of sound-absorbing and reflecting material.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 Ground Adapter Plug
Adapts a three pronged electrical plug to a two pronged wall outlet. This bypasses the ground and may create a hum in the system. A lack of a good ground can cause mild electrical shock when touching a microphone.

Condenser Mic (Capacitor Mic)
A microphone that uses the varying capacitance between two plates with a voltage applied across them to convert sound to electrical pulses. Condenser microphones need a power supply to provide the voltage across the plates, which may be provided by a battery within the case of the microphone, or it may be provided from an external phantom power supply. A condenser mic is more sensitive and has a faster reaction to percussive sounds than a Dynamic mic and produces a more even response. See Electret Mic.

Input Impedance
The opposition to current flow by the first circuits of a device.

Ambient Field
A term with the same meaning as the term Reverberant Field (the area away from the sound source where the reverberation is louder than the direct sound).

BNO Acoustics YM-44 Baffles

Sound absorbing panels used to prevent sound waves from entering or leaving a certain space

Input/Output Module
A set of controls, on one housing, for an in-line console that has two channels (one for recording and one for monitoring) and has controls for all console sections.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Board
1) Another, less formal, term for Console.
2) A set of controls and their housing which control all signals necessary for recording and for mixing.
3) A slang shortening of the term Keyboard Instrument.

Flutter
1) High-frequency variations in pitch of a recorded waveform due to fast speed variations in a recorder or playback machine.
2) Originally, and more formally, any variations (fast or slow) in pitch of a recorded tone due to speed fluctuations in a recorder or playback unit.

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Foot Switch
A switch placed on the floor and pressed by a musician to do various functions.

Balls
1) The depth and thickness of a sound, usually on the bottom end of the EQ (as in "needs more balls"). 2) The strength of the voice on the mic (as in "check it like you have some balls").

Linear
The condition of obtaining a change at the output of the device which is proportional to the change occurring at the input.

Fade
1) A gradual reduction of the level of the audio signal.
2) A gradual change of level from one pre-set level to another.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Line Out (Line Output)

Any output that sends out a line level signal, such as the output of a console that feeds a recorder.

Ground Lifter
An adapter that takes a three prong power cord and plugs into a two prong outlet, used to disconnect the third (ground) pin of the power outlet. WARNING: It can be VERY DANGEROUS to have no ground connection to the case by using a ground lifter and not grounding the unit by other means.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Hertz
The unit of frequency. Equivalent to cycles per second. Abbreviation: Hz.

CD-ROM
An abbreviation of the term Compact Disc, Read Only Memory (A Compact Disc used to store digital data, such as large programs, that can be read by a computer).

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Final Mix
The two track stereo master tape which was mixed from the multitrack master.

Imaging
To make a representation or imitation of the original sonic event.

Chorus
Common type of effect that makes sounds fuller and thicker.

Barrier Micing
A method of placing the head of a microphone as close as possible to a reflective surface, preventing phase cancellation.

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Ground

In electronics, a place (terminal) that has zero volts.

Atom
The smallest particle which makes up a specific substance. It's composed of a center around which electrons revolve.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Distorted
The way your PA sounds just before it blows up. Fuzzy and scratchy. If you hear this, it either means you have something hooked up wrong, or something in the system is going bad. It could be anything from your super expensive soundboard to a five dollar patch cord.

Envelope
1) How a sound or audio signal varies in intensity over a time span.
2) How a control voltage varies in level over time controlling a parameter of something other than gain or audio level.

BNO Acoustics YM-44 Light Emitting Diode
A light that allows current to flow in one direction only and emits light whenever a voltage of a certain level or beyond is applied to it.

Analog Recording
A recording of the continuous changes of an audio waveform.

Librarian Program
A computer program allowing the storage of the parameters of sound patches outside of a synthesizer.

Charge
The electrical energy of electrons. The energy is in the form of a force that is considered negative and repels other like forces (other electrons) and attracts opposite (positive) forces.

BNO Acoustics Speakers CD (Compact Disc) :

1) Digital sound storage medium. Provides a high quality source of music, sound effects etc. Also used as a playback medium for sound effects etc. by large theatres with long running shows, although CDR (Recordable CD) is becoming more affordable by the day.
2) An abbreviation of the term Compact Disc (a small optical disk with digital audio recorded on it).

Jam Sync
A generation of new SMPTE according to the input SMPTE signal

BNO Speakers Ground Lifter
An adapter that takes a three prong power cord and plugs into a two prong outlet, used to disconnect the third (ground) pin of the power outlet. WARNING: It can be VERY DANGEROUS to have no ground connection to the case by using a ground lifter and not grounding the unit by other means.

In-Line Console
A console with modules that have controls for all console sections in one long strip.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 Fidelity
The recording or reproduction quality.

Acoustic/Acoustical
Having to do with sound that can be heard by the ears.
AcousticsThe behaviour of sound and its study. The acoustics of a room depend on its size and shape and the amount and position of sound-absorbing and reflecting material.

Atom
The smallest particle which makes up a specific substance. It's composed of a center around which electrons revolve.

Balance Control
A control on a stereo amplifier that when moved clockwise will make the right channel louder (and the left channel softer) and will do the reverse when moved counter-clockwise.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Impedance

1) A term for the electrical resistance found in a/c circuits. Affects the ability of a cable to transmit low level (e.g. sound) signals over a long distance. Measured in Ohms. Speakers are rated according to power handling capabilities (Watts, W) and impedance (Ohms).
2) The total opposition offered by an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current of a single frequency. It is a combination of resistance and reactance and is measured in ohms. Remember that a speaker's impedance changes with frequency, it is not a constant value.
3) The opposition to alternating current.

Digital Recording
1) ADAM : (Akai Digital Audio Multitrack). 12 track recording onto Video 8 tape. 16 bit, 44.1 or 48 kHz sampling rate.
2) DAT (Digital Audio Tape) Cassette-like system which has much higher quality than standard audio cassettes. Widely used in gathering sound effects, for news gathering, and for playback of music.
3) DCC (Digital Compact Cassette) Rival to DAT which also plays standard audio cassettes.
4) MiniDisc : Uses computer disk technology, rather than tape. A laser heats an area of magnetic disk which is then written to by a magnetic head. When cooled, the magnetic information is read from the disk by laser. Tracks can be named, and are instant start. Very theatre-friendly system.
5) Direct to Disk : Uses the hard disk present in most PCs as the recording medium.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 Expander
A device that causes expansion of the audio signal.

Harmonics
Integer multiples of a fundamental frequency, the fundamental itself being the first harmonic, its first overtone the second harmonic, etc. Attributing to instruments, voices, etc. their distinctive timbre.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Auxiliary Equipment
Effects devices separate from but working with the recording console.

Compression Ratio
How many dB the input signal has to rise above the threshold for every one dB more output of a compressor or limiter.

Gain
1) Knob usually found at the top of each input channel on the soundboard. Used to set input levels of the separate channels to relatively equal positions.
2) The amount of increase in audio signal strength, often expressed in dB.

Format
1) The number of tracks, their width, spacing and order for tape recording.
2) To prepare a digital storage medium so that it will accept and store digital information bits.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Inductance

The property of an electric circuit by which a varying current in it produces a varying magnetic field that introduces voltages in the same circuit or in a nearby circuit. It is measured in henrys.

Haas Effect
Simply stated, a factor in human hearing where delay has a much bigger effect on human perception of direction than level does.

BNO TS-10 Delay
Outboard sound equipment that can momentarily stores a signal being sent to part of a P.A. system so that delayed reinforced sound reaches the audience at the same time as live sound from the stage.

CPU
Abbreviation of Central Processing Unit (The main "brain" chip of a computer or the main housing of a computer that contains the "brain" chip).

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Line Level
1) An amplified signal level put out by an amplifier and used as the normal level that runs through the interconnecting cables in a control room.
2) A low level signal such as the signal in a guitar cord. Most parts of a PA require a line level signal. Remember, however, that speaker outputs are not line level. Plugging speaker outs into line ins will result in damage to the equipment

Capo
A clamp-like device that is placed vertically across the guitar neck. It is used to change the pitch of the guitar, acting as a moveable nut.

Group Faders
The VCA faders of individual channels that are all controlled by a Group Master Fader (a slide control used to send out a control voltage to several VCA faders in individual channels).

Dry
Describes a sound coming from the PA with no effects on it.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 High Impedance Mic

A microphone designed to be fed into an amplifier with input impedance greater than 20 k ohms.

IM Distortion
An abbreviation of the term Intermodulation Distortion (Distortion caused by one signal beating with another signal and producing frequencies that are both the sum and the difference of the original frequencies present).

BNO Speakers Attack
The rate the sound begins and increases in volume.

Analog To Digital Converter
The device which does the conversion of a quantity that has continuous changes (usually of voltage) into numbers that approximate those changes.

BNO Acoustics YM-44 Engineer
1) A technician in charge of a recording session; Also called Recording Engineer.
2) A person with an engineering degree.
3) A person with sufficient experience in the field to be equivalent to the education one would receive earning an engineering degree.

Ground Adapter Plug
Adapts a three pronged electrical plug to a two pronged wall outlet. This bypasses the ground and may create a hum in the system. A lack of a good ground can cause mild electrical shock when touching a microphone.

Assistant Engineer
A less elevated version of the term Second Engineer. Experienced seconds often place microphones, operate tape machines, break down equipment at the session end and keep the paperwork for the session.

Acoustic Echo Chamber
A room designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces and equipped with a speaker and microphone; dry signals from the console are fed to the speaker and the microphone will have a reverberation of these signals that can be mixed in with the dry signals at the console.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 Full Range

Describes a sound which covers all audible frequency ranges. As in "full range speaker cabinets."

kHz
An Abbreviation of kilo-Hertz.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Linearity
The extent to which any signal handling process is accomplished without amplitude distortion.

Cut-off Rate (Slope)
The number of dB that a filter reduces the signal for each octave its frequency past the filter's cut-off frequency (outside of the pass band).

BNO Acoustics R-10 Balls
1) The depth and thickness of a sound, usually on the bottom end of the EQ (as in "needs more balls"). 2) The strength of the voice on the mic (as in "check it like you have some balls").

Comb Filter
1) The frequency response achieved by mixing a direct signal with a delayed signal of equal strength especially at short delays.
2) Loosely used to also describe effects that can be achieved with comb filtering as part of the processing.

Compression Driver
The unit that feeds a sound pressure wave into the throat of a horn (in a horn loudspeaker).

Error Detection
The process of discovery that sonic information bits have been lost in digital audio.

BNO Acoustics YM-44 Compact Disc, Interactive CDI

A Compact Disc, usually containing audio, video, and text, which the user can interact with in that the display or playback changes after the user performs some action.

Frequency Response
How sensitive an electronic device (mic, amplifier, speaker, etc.) is to various frequencies; often communicated with a graph.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Level
The amount of signal strength; the amplitude, especially the average amplitude.

Line
1) Short for line level.
2) A cable.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Front Loaded
A speaker cabinet where the speaker faces out toward the front.

Balance Control
A control on a stereo amplifier that when moved clockwise will make the right channel louder (and the left channel softer) and will do the reverse when moved counter-clockwise.

Floor
1) An alternate tam meaning Range (a limit on the amount the signal is reduced when the input signal is low by an expander or gate).
2) A shortening of the term Noise Floor (the level of the noise).

Audio
Most often referring to electrical signals resulting from the sound pressure wave being converted into electrical energy.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Hz (Hertz)

1) An abbreviation for the term Hertz (the unit of frequency).
2) Unit of frequency equivalent to the number of cycles per second.

Head Amp
British name for Preamplifier (A low-noise amplifier designed to take a low-level signal, such as the output of a tape head, and bring it up to normal line level).

BNO Acoustics Speakers Channel
1) In multitrack tape machines, this term means the same thing as the term Track (one audio recording made on a portion of the width of a multitrack tape).
2) A single path that an audio signal travels or can travel through a device from an input to an output.

Bi
A prefix meaning two.

BNO Speakers Attenuator (Pot)
The electronic dohickey under the knobs that increases or reduces the strength of the signal running through it. When these get old and dirty, they can make popping noises or rumbles in your PA (As in "my pots are dirty").
Assign Tochoose to which place an output is going to be sent.

Impedance
1) A term for the electrical resistance found in a/c circuits. Affects the ability of a cable to transmit low level (e.g. sound) signals over a long distance. Measured in Ohms. Speakers are rated according to power handling capabilities (Watts, W) and impedance (Ohms).
2) The total opposition offered by an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current of a single frequency. It is a combination of resistance and reactance and is measured in ohms. Remember that a speaker's impedance changes with frequency, it is not a constant value.
3) The opposition to alternating current.

Analog Recording
A recording of the continuous changes of an audio waveform.

Harmonic Distortion
The presence of harmonics in the output signal of a device which were not present in the input signal.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Line

1) Short for line level.
2) A cable.

LFO
Low-Frequency Oscillator (an oscillator that puts out an AC signal between .1 Hz and 10Hz used for a control signal).

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Alternating Current
Electric current which flows back and forth in a circuit.

Ground Lift
A switch that breaks the connection between the ground point in one circuit and the ground point in another circuit.

BNO Speakers Bulk Dump
Short for System Exclusive Bulk Dump (a method of transmitting data, such as the internal parameters of a MIDI device to another MIDI device).

Highs
Short for the term High Frequencies (the audio frequencies from 6000 Hz and above).

Compact Disc Recordable CDR
A blank Compact Disc that can be recorded on one time.

Librarian Program
A computer program allowing the storage of the parameters of sound patches outside of a synthesizer.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Bulk Dump

Short for System Exclusive Bulk Dump (a method of transmitting data, such as the internal parameters of a MIDI device to another MIDI device).

Bi-Directional Pattern
A microphone pick up pattern which has maximum pick up directly in front and directly in back of the diaphragm and least pick up at the sides.

BNO TS-10 Ground
In electronics, a place (terminal) that has zero volts.

AES
An abbreviation of Audio Engineering Society.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Frame
1) A division of one second in synchronization and recording coming from definition two.
2) The amount of time that one still picture is shown in film or video.

Line In (Input, return)
Where a signal enters the board or component.

House Sync
A synchronization signal such as SMPTE time code that is used by all recorders in the control room.

Attack
The rate the sound begins and increases in volume.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Arc

The visible sparks generated by an electrical discharge.

Input/Output Module
A set of controls, on one housing, for an in-line console that has two channels (one for recording and one for monitoring) and has controls for all console sections.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Frequency Range
The range of frequencies over which an electronic device is useful or over which a sound source will put out substantial energy.

Band Track
1) A mixdown of a song without the lead vocal or without the lead and background vocals.
2) A term with the same meaning as the term Rhythm Track.
3) The recording of the rhythm instruments in a music production.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 House Sync
A synchronization signal such as SMPTE time code that is used by all recorders in the control room.

Charge
The electrical energy of electrons. The energy is in the form of a force that is considered negative and repels other like forces (other electrons) and attracts opposite (positive) forces.

Crossover
1) A route leading from one side of the stage to the other, out of the audiences view.
2) An electronic filter in a sound system that routes sound of the correct frequency to the correct part of the speaker system. Different speakers handle high frequencies (tweeters) and low frequencies (woofers). Sometimes known as a crossover network. An active crossover splits the signal from the mixing desk into high, mid and low frequencies which are then sent to three separate amplifiers.
3) An electrical circuit that divides a full bandwidth signal into the desired frequency bands for the loudspeaker components.

ID
An index signal (digital data that gives the machine information of where selections start, their selection number, etc.) on a DAT or CD.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Bi

A prefix meaning two.

Harmonics
Integer multiples of a fundamental frequency, the fundamental itself being the first harmonic, its first overtone the second harmonic, etc. Attributing to instruments, voices, etc. their distinctive timbre.

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Capo
A clamp-like device that is placed vertically across the guitar neck. It is used to change the pitch of the guitar, acting as a moveable nut.

Format
1) The number of tracks, their width, spacing and order for tape recording.
2) To prepare a digital storage medium so that it will accept and store digital information bits.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 File
A collection of digital data stored in a computer's memory bank or on a floppy disc.

Crisp
Describes a good clean high midrange sound. It can be good or bad depending on the look on the face of the guy who said it.

Howlback
British term for the term Feedback (the pickup of the signal out of a channel by the input of the channel or the howling sound that this produces).

Foot Pedal
1) An effects device where the amount of the effect can be controlled by a musician with his foot.
2) The beater mechanism of a foot drum that is activated by the drummer's foot to play the drum.
3) Any device, like a volume control, that can be operated by the foot.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Assistant Engineer

A less elevated version of the term Second Engineer. Experienced seconds often place microphones, operate tape machines, break down equipment at the session end and keep the paperwork for the session.

Icon
A visual picture or symbol on a computer screen that represents a file, program or disc that can be used.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Field
1) In video, one half of a frame.
2) In computer-controlled devices a window display with functions and choices that the operator can make

Compact Disc CD
A small optical disk with digital audio recorded on it.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Input
1) The jack or physical location of where a device receives a signal.
2) The signal being received by a device.
3) The action of receiving a signal by a device.

Bit
The smallest unit of digital information representing a single "0" or 1.

Effects
1) Various ways an audio signal can be modified by adding something to the signal to change the sound.
2) Short for the term Sound Effects (sounds other than dialogue, narration or music like door closings, wind, etc. added to film or video shots).

Fly In
1) To add sounds into a mix or recording that have no synchronization.
2) An application of this where a performance from one part of a tune is recorded and then recorded back into the recording at a different time in the recording.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Auxiliary Equipment

Effects devices separate from but working with the recording console.

Expander
A device that causes expansion of the audio signal.

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Cycles Per Second
A unit used in the measure of frequency, equivalent to Hertz. Cycles Per Second is an outdated term replaced by Hertz in 1948.

Input Monitor
A switch position and operational mode of the electronics of a tape machine where the signal at output of the electronics will be the same as the signal coming into the electronics. In this mode, the tape machine's meter will read the input signal.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 Active Crossover
Uses active devices (transistors, IC's, tubes) and some form of power supply to operate.

Amplitude
The extreme range of a signal. Usually measured from the average to the extreme.

Digital Recording
1) ADAM : (Akai Digital Audio Multitrack). 12 track recording onto Video 8 tape. 16 bit, 44.1 or 48 kHz sampling rate.
2) DAT (Digital Audio Tape) Cassette-like system which has much higher quality than standard audio cassettes. Widely used in gathering sound effects, for news gathering, and for playback of music.
3) DCC (Digital Compact Cassette) Rival to DAT which also plays standard audio cassettes.
4) MiniDisc : Uses computer disk technology, rather than tape. A laser heats an area of magnetic disk which is then written to by a magnetic head. When cooled, the magnetic information is read from the disk by laser. Tracks can be named, and are instant start. Very theatre-friendly system.
5) Direct to Disk : Uses the hard disk present in most PCs as the recording medium.

Infinite Baffle
A baffle so large that the sounds coming from one side do not reach the other side.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Equalizer (Parametric, Graphic)

This is used to filter out and adjust specific frequencies in the PA. This is the part of the PA where you have the most control over the band's overall sound. It is also the number one weapon against feedback.

Error Correct
Exact replacement of lost information bits in digital audio.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Compact Disc, Interactive CDI
A Compact Disc, usually containing audio, video, and text, which the user can interact with in that the display or playback changes after the user performs some action.

Atom
The smallest particle which makes up a specific substance. It's composed of a center around which electrons revolve.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Format
1) The number of tracks, their width, spacing and order for tape recording.
2) To prepare a digital storage medium so that it will accept and store digital information bits.

Corner Frequency
Same as Cut-Off Frequency (the highest or lowest frequency in the pass band of a filter). (NOUN)

Amplifier
Sound equipment that converts the low voltage, low current signal from a tape deck, mixer etc. into a higher current signal suitable for driving speakers. See Power Amplifier, Crossover.

Amplifier
A device which increases the amplitude (level) of an electrical signal (making it louder).

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Impedance Matching

Having or converting the output impedance of a device so that it matches the impedance of the input it will feed.

Crossover, Active
A rack mountable unit used to separate frequencies leaving the soundboard into high's, mids, and lows with different outputs for each.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Compander
Outboard sound equipment. Combination of a Compressor and an Expander.

Boost
To increase gain, especially to increase gain at specific frequencies with an equalizer.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Harmonic Distortion
The presence of harmonics in the output signal of a device which were not present in the input signal.

Isolation
A containing of the sound wave in a certain area so that it will not leak into other areas and/or unintended mics.

Crosstalk
Leakage of an audio signal into a channel that iris not intended to be in, from an adjacent or nearby channel.

Delay (Digital, Analogue)
1) Effect used to create echo…echo…echo…echo…echo…
2) In more advanced systems used in very large venues, delay can be used to time the arrival of the signal to the speakers in the back of the room so that people in the back hear the sound coming from those speakers at the same time that the sound coming from the speakers in the front of the room arrives.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 Cardioid Pattern

A microphone pick up pattern, which has maximum pick up from the front, less pick up from the sides, and least pick up from the back of the diaphragm.

Engineer
1) A technician in charge of a recording session; Also called Recording Engineer.
2) A person with an engineering degree.
3) A person with sufficient experience in the field to be equivalent to the education one would receive earning an engineering degree.

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Condenser Mic (Capacitor Mic)
A microphone that uses the varying capacitance between two plates with a voltage applied across them to convert sound to electrical pulses. Condenser microphones need a power supply to provide the voltage across the plates, which may be provided by a battery within the case of the microphone, or it may be provided from an external phantom power supply. A condenser mic is more sensitive and has a faster reaction to percussive sounds than a Dynamic mic and produces a more even response. See Electret Mic.

Input Impedance
The opposition to current flow by the first circuits of a device.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Ground
In electronics, a place (terminal) that has zero volts.

Ground Lifter
An adapter that takes a three prong power cord and plugs into a two prong outlet, used to disconnect the third (ground) pin of the power outlet. WARNING: It can be VERY DANGEROUS to have no ground connection to the case by using a ground lifter and not grounding the unit by other means.

Consumer Format (Consumer DIF)
A standard adopted by IEC for sending and receiving digital audio based on The AES Professional Interface.

Compact Disc Recordable CDR
A blank Compact Disc that can be recorded on one time.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Impedance

1) A term for the electrical resistance found in a/c circuits. Affects the ability of a cable to transmit low level (e.g. sound) signals over a long distance. Measured in Ohms. Speakers are rated according to power handling capabilities (Watts, W) and impedance (Ohms).
2) The total opposition offered by an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current of a single frequency. It is a combination of resistance and reactance and is measured in ohms. Remember that a speaker's impedance changes with frequency, it is not a constant value.
3) The opposition to alternating current.

Key
The control of a dynamics processing device by an external audio signal.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Analog (Analogue)
Representative, continuous changes that relate to another quantity that has a continuous change.

Amplitude
The height of a waveform above or below the zero line.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 Aux Send
Short for the term Auxiliary Send (a control to adjust the level of the signal sent from the console input channel to the auxiliary equipment through the aux buss.

Ground
In electronics, a place (terminal) that has zero volts.

Dry
Describes a sound coming from the PA with no effects on it.

Electric Current
A more formal term meaning the same as the term Current (the amount of electron charge passing a point in a conductor per unit of time).

BNO Acoustics R-10 Inverse Square Law

Simply stated, the fact that in an un-obstructed area (like an open field) the sound pressure level will drop to half-pressure (-6 dB) every time the distance to the sound source is doubled.

Balance Control
A control on a stereo amplifier that when moved clockwise will make the right channel louder (and the left channel softer) and will do the reverse when moved counter-clockwise.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Jack Bay
A series of jacks which have connections for most of the inputs and outputs of the equipment in the control room.

Head Amp
British name for Preamplifier (A low-noise amplifier designed to take a low-level signal, such as the output of a tape head, and bring it up to normal line level).

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Echo
1) One distinct repeat of a sound because of the sound reflecting off a surface.
2) Loosely, used to mean reverberation (the continuing of a sound after the source stops emitting it, caused by many discrete echoes closely spaced in time).

Delay
Outboard sound equipment that can momentarily stores a signal being sent to part of a P.A. system so that delayed reinforced sound reaches the audience at the same time as live sound from the stage.

Linear
The condition of obtaining a change at the output of the device which is proportional to the change occurring at the input.

Distorted
The way your PA sounds just before it blows up. Fuzzy and scratchy. If you hear this, it either means you have something hooked up wrong, or something in the system is going bad. It could be anything from your super expensive soundboard to a five dollar patch cord.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Input Impedance

The opposition to current flow by the first circuits of a device.

Balance
1) The relative level of two or more instruments in a mix, or the relative level of audio signals in the channels of a stereo recording. 2) To make the relative levels of audio signals in the channels of a stereo recording even.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Clip
The action of deforming a waveform during overload.

Dolby
Trade name for a series of noise reduction systems that have become standard on many tape playback machines. Many film soundtracks are produced using this process. Different varieties are found from Dolby B on most personal cassette players, to Dolby SR and Digital, the current state of the art for cinema.

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Echo Chamber
1) A room designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces and equipped with a speaker and microphone.
2) Any artificial or electronic device that simulates the reverberation created in a room.

Ampere
The unit of current, abbreviated Amp.

Harmonics
Integer multiples of a fundamental frequency, the fundamental itself being the first harmonic, its first overtone the second harmonic, etc. Attributing to instruments, voices, etc. their distinctive timbre.

CPU
Abbreviation of Central Processing Unit (The main "brain" chip of a computer or the main housing of a computer that contains the "brain" chip).

BNO Acoustics Speakers Buss (Bus)

A wire carrying signals to some place, usually fed from several sources.

Compressor
1) Effect used to squash the sound together. Used properly, it can take the edge off or your sound. Used improperly, it can take the life right out of your system and make it sound like an MTV mix.
2) A piece of sound processing equipment that ensures all wanted signals are suitably placed between the noise and distortion levels of the recording medium. It evens out the unwanted changes in volume you get with close-miking, and in doing so, adds punch to the sound mix. A Limiter is used to stop a signal from exceeding a preset limit. Beyond this limit, the signal level will not increase, no matter how loud the input becomes. A Limiter is often used to protect speaker systems (and human ears) by preventing a system from becoming too loud.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Boom Stand
A microphone stand equipped with a telescoping support arm to hold the microphone.

Bank
1) A collection of sound patches (data as to the sequence and operating parameters of the synthesizer generators and modifiers) in memory.
2) A group of sound modules as a unit.

BNO Acoustics GT-60 Icon
A visual picture or symbol on a computer screen that represents a file, program or disc that can be used.

Link
(Said of compressors and dynamic processing units.) To combine the control input signals of two channels of a compressor (o

High Impedance
Impedance of 5000 or more ohms.

Headroom
1) The level difference (in dB) between normal operating level and clipping level in an amplifier or audio device.
2) A similar level difference between normal tape operating level and the level where the distortion would be 3%.
3) The difference, in decibels, between the peak and RMS levels in program material.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Bit

The smallest unit of digital information representing a single "0" or 1.

Keyboard Controller
A device that has the standard music keys of piano but puts out MIDI signals

BNO Acoustics YM-44 LED
A light that allows current to flow in one direction only and emits light whenever a voltage of a certain level or beyond is applied to it.

IM Distortion
An abbreviation of the term Intermodulation Distortion (Distortion caused by one signal beating with another signal and producing frequencies that are both the sum and the difference of the original frequencies present).

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Dry
Describes a sound coming from the PA with no effects on it.

Isolation Booth/ Isolation Room
A room that prevents loud sounds from other instruments from leaking in: an isolation booth is usually a smaller room that could be used for only one musician.

Crossover, Passive
Used inside of full range speaker cabinets to separate highs, mids, and lows and send them to their respective speakers within the each cabinet. These are not as efficient as active crossovers because they require all frequencies to draw from the same source of amplification.

Chamber
1) An Echo Chamber (a room designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces equipped with a speaker and microphone so that when dry signals from the console are fed to the speaker, the microphone will have a reverberation of these signals that can be mixed in with the dry signals at the console).
2) A program in a delay/reverb effects device that simulates the sound of an Echo Chamber.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Boundary Mic

A microphone mounted on a flat plate that acts as a reflective surface directing sound into the mic capsule. Used for general pick-up over a large area. See PCC, PZM.

Earth
The British version of the term Ground (In electronics, a place that has zero volts).

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Capacitance
The property of being able to oppose a change in voltage or store an electrical charge.

Amplitude
The height of a waveform above or below the zero line.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Chamber
1) An Echo Chamber (a room designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces equipped with a speaker and microphone so that when dry signals from the console are fed to the speaker, the microphone will have a reverberation of these signals that can be mixed in with the dry signals at the console).
2) A program in a delay/reverb effects device that simulates the sound of an Echo Chamber.

Compression Ratio
How many dB the input signal has to rise above the threshold for every one dB more output of a compressor or limiter.

Haas Effect
Simply stated, a factor in human hearing where delay has a much bigger effect on human perception of direction than level does.

Keyboard
1) Any musical instrument controlled by pressing a key.
2) The part of the computer that has the keys.

BNO Speakers ADAT

A trademark of Alesis Corporation designating its modular digital multitrack recording system released in early 1993.

Capo
A clamp-like device that is placed vertically across the guitar neck. It is used to change the pitch of the guitar, acting as a moveable nut.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Clicking
Pressing and immediately releasing the switch on a computer's mouse.

Librarian Program
A computer program allowing the storage of the parameters of sound patches outside of a synthesizer.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Amplifier
A device which increases the amplitude (level) of an electrical signal (making it louder).

Ground Adapter Plug
Adapts a three pronged electrical plug to a two pronged wall outlet. This bypasses the ground and may create a hum in the system. A lack of a good ground can cause mild electrical shock when touching a microphone.

Fade
1) A gradual reduction of the level of the audio signal.
2) A gradual change of level from one pre-set level to another.

Hall
A large building designed for concerts; also called a concert hall.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Compact Disc Recordable CDR

A blank Compact Disc that can be recorded on one time.

IC
Abbreviation of Integrated Circuit (A miniature circuit of many components that is in small, sealed housing with prongs to connect it into equipment).

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Efficiency
The acoustic power delivered for a given electrical input. Often expressed as decibels/watt/meter (dB/w/m). ESL �" Abbreviation for electrostatic loudspeaker.

Clip
The action of deforming a waveform during overload.

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Chorus
1) The part of The song that is repeated and has the same music and lyrics each time; the chorus will usually give the point of the song.
2) A musical singing group that has many singers.
3) A delay effect that simulates a vocal chorus by adding several delays with a mild amount of feedback and a medium amount of depth.
4) A similar effect created in some synthesizers by detuning (reducing the pitch of, slightly) and mixing it with the signal that has regular tuning and with a slight delay.

Far Field
The area from 3 feet away from the sound source up to the critical distance.

Coax
Two-conductor cable consisting of one conductor surrounded by a shield.

Insert
1) A punch in of the all of the tracks being recorded in a recording session.
2) On Solid State Logic consoles, placing an outboard piece of gear in the channel by patching and activating a switch.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Final Mix

The two track stereo master tape which was mixed from the multitrack master.

Early Reflections
The first echoes in a room, caused by the sound from the sound source reflecting off one surface before reaching the listener.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Binary
A numbering system based on two. In binary there are two symbols used ("l" and "0").

Analog To Digital Converter
The device which does the conversion of a quantity that has continuous changes (usually of voltage) into numbers that approximate those changes.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Expansion
The opposite of compression; for example, an expander may allow the signal to increase 2 dB every time the signal input increased by 1 dB.

Balanced
1) Having a pleasing amount of low frequencies compared to mid-range frequencies and high frequencies. 2) Having a pleasing mixture of the various instrument levels in an audio recording. 3) Having a fairly equal level in each of the stereo channels. 4) A method of interconnecting electronic gear using three-conductor cables.

Harmonic Distortion
The presence of harmonics in the output signal of a device which were not present in the input signal.

Auxiliary Input or Return
A route back into the sound desk for a signal sent to a piece of outboard equipment via an auxiliary send.

BNO Acoustics SQ-9 Figure Eight Pattern

Another name for Bi-directional Pattern (microphone pickup pattern picking up best from the front and back of the diaphragm and not picking up from the side of the diaphragm).

Field
1) In video, one half of a frame.
2) In computer-controlled devices a window display with functions and choices that the operator can make

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Infinite Baffle
A baffle so large that the sounds coming from one side do not reach the other side.

Gain Reduction
The working of a limiter or compressor reducing gain during high-level passages.

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Crisp
Describes a good clean high midrange sound. It can be good or bad depending on the look on the face of the guy who said it.

Electromagnetic Theory
A statement of the principles behind electromagnetic induction: When a conductor cuts magnetic lines of force, current is induced in that conductor.

Foot (Foot Drum)
Another name for Bass Drum (the largest drum in the Drum Kit which puts out bass frequencies and is played with a foot pedal).

Analog Recording
A recording of the continuous changes of an audio waveform.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Critical Distance

The point a distance away from the sound source where the direct sound and the reverberant sound are equal in volume.

Limiter
A device which reduces gain when the input voltage exceeds a certain level.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Foot (Foot Drum)
Another name for Bass Drum (the largest drum in the Drum Kit which puts out bass frequencies and is played with a foot pedal).

Lift
1) To boost gain of audio at a particular band of frequencies with an equalizer.
2) An elevation device in the star trek series of TV programs.

BNO Acoustics TR-12 Alternating Current
Electric current which flows back and forth in a circuit.

Baffles
Sound absorbing panels used to prevent sound waves from entering or leaving a certain space

Insert
1) A punch in of the all of the tracks being recorded in a recording session.
2) On Solid State Logic consoles, placing an outboard piece of gear in the channel by patching and activating a switch.

Bass Roll Off
An electrical network built into some microphones to reduce the amount of output at bass frequencies when close-micing.

BNO Speakers Crossover (Crossover Network)

A set of filters that "split" the audio signal into two or more bands (two or more signals, each of which have only some of the frequencies present).

Lift
1) To boost gain of audio at a particular band of frequencies with an equalizer.
2) An elevation device in the star trek series of TV programs.

BNO TS-10 Clean
Describes a distortion free sound with few effects.

Condenser Microphone
A microphone which converts sound pressure changes into changes of capacitance. The capacitance changes are then converted into electrical voltage variations (an audio signal).

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Ambience
The portion of the sound that comes from the surrounding environment rather than directly from the sound source.

Boundary Mic
A microphone mounted on a flat plate that acts as a reflective surface directing sound into the mic capsule. Used for general pick-up over a large area. See PCC, PZM.

Band Track
1) A mixdown of a song without the lead vocal or without the lead and background vocals.
2) A term with the same meaning as the term Rhythm Track.
3) The recording of the rhythm instruments in a music production.

kHz
An Abbreviation of kilo-Hertz.

BNO Acoustics QT-5 Bridge

The bridge assembly, or just "bridge" is an area on the face of the guitar where the string meet or are connected to the face.

Interface
Any device that allows one unit to work, drive or communicate with another unit when they cannot do so by just feeding each other often because the units are manufactured by different companies.

BNO Acoustics 6k-52 Digital Recording
1) ADAM : (Akai Digital Audio Multitrack). 12 track recording onto Video 8 tape. 16 bit, 44.1 or 48 kHz sampling rate.
2) DAT (Digital Audio Tape) Cassette-like system which has much higher quality than standard audio cassettes. Widely used in gathering sound effects, for news gathering, and for playback of music.
3) DCC (Digital Compact Cassette) Rival to DAT which also plays standard audio cassettes.
4) MiniDisc : Uses computer disk technology, rather than tape. A laser heats an area of magnetic disk which is then written to by a magnetic head. When cooled, the magnetic information is read from the disk by laser. Tracks can be named, and are instant start. Very theatre-friendly system.
5) Direct to Disk : Uses the hard disk present in most PCs as the recording medium.

Cable, XLR
A balanced cable used for low impedance microphones and sometimes for connections between some parts of the PA. Commonly referred to as a "mic cord".

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Capsule
1) The variable capacitor section of a condenser microphone.
2) In other types of microphones, the part of the microphone that includes the diaphragm and the active element.

IM Distortion
An abbreviation of the term Intermodulation Distortion (Distortion caused by one signal beating with another signal and producing frequencies that are both the sum and the difference of the original frequencies present).

Balanced input/output
A "balanced" connection is one that has three wires to move the signal. One is a ground, and the other two (called conductors) carry signals of equal value. This is why they are called balanced. Low Z cables and connections are the most common example.

Linearity
The extent to which any signal handling process is accomplished without amplitude distortion.

BNO Acoustics HD-70 Bank

1) A collection of sound patches (data as to the sequence and operating parameters of the synthesizer generators and modifiers) in memory.
2) A group of sound modules as a unit.

Effects
1) Various ways an audio signal can be modified by adding something to the signal to change the sound.
2) Short for the term Sound Effects (sounds other than dialogue, narration or music like door closings, wind, etc. added to film or video shots).

BNO Acoustics Speakers Foot Switch
A switch placed on the floor and pressed by a musician to do various functions.

Electricity
Electrical current (the amount of electron charge passing a point in a conductor per unit of time) or voltage (the force pushing electrons to obtain electrical current).

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Keying Input (Key Input)
An input on a dynamics processing device to control the device by an external audio signal.

Crossover, Passive
Used inside of full range speaker cabinets to separate highs, mids, and lows and send them to their respective speakers within the each cabinet. These are not as efficient as active crossovers because they require all frequencies to draw from the same source of amplification.

Howlback
British term for the term Feedback (the pickup of the signal out of a channel by the input of the channel or the howling sound that this produces).

Group
1) A number of channels or faders that can be controlled by one Master VCA slide.
2) A shortening of the term Recording Group (a buss or the signal present on a buss).

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Lead

The musical instrument that plays the melody of the tune, including the vocal.

Guitar Processor
A unit that will add effects to a direct guitar signal, including a simulated instrument amplifier sound and (often) delay and reverb effects.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Crossover
1) A route leading from one side of the stage to the other, out of the audiences view.
2) An electronic filter in a sound system that routes sound of the correct frequency to the correct part of the speaker system. Different speakers handle high frequencies (tweeters) and low frequencies (woofers). Sometimes known as a crossover network. An active crossover splits the signal from the mixing desk into high, mid and low frequencies which are then sent to three separate amplifiers.
3) An electrical circuit that divides a full bandwidth signal into the desired frequency bands for the loudspeaker components.

Boost
To increase gain, especially to increase gain at specific frequencies with an equalizer.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 Controller
1) In MIDI, a device that generates a MIDI signal to control synthesizers, sound modules or sample playback units.
2) A remote control unit for a multitrack tape machine which controls transport functions as well as monitor selection switching functions and record ready/safe status of each track.
3) Any device generating a control voltage or signal fed to another device's control input.

Envelope
1) How a sound or audio signal varies in intensity over a time span.
2) How a control voltage varies in level over time controlling a parameter of something other than gain or audio level.

Action
In guitar playing, action refers to how far the strings sit off of the guitar neck. When strings are close to the neck, it is referred to as "Low Action". When the string sit far above the neck, it is called "High Action". Guitars with low action are easier to play, but make sure they are not too close, or it could causing buzzing.

Consumer Format (Consumer DIF)
A standard adopted by IEC for sending and receiving digital audio based on The AES Professional Interface.

BNO Acoustics QS-4 Field

1) In video, one half of a frame.
2) In computer-controlled devices a window display with functions and choices that the operator can make

Dynamic Mic
Robust type of microphone which picks up the sound on a diaphragm connected to a coil of wire which moves within a magnet. An alternating current is induced into the wire which provides the electrical output. Most dynamic mics have low output impedance of 200 Ohms. See Condenser Mic.

BNO Acoustics Speakers Fat
Having more than a normal amount of signal strength at low frequencies or having more sound than normal (by use of compression or delay).

Edit
A switch that does different things depending on the operational mode that the machine is in:
1) If a computer-controlled transport is in "Stop," pushing the "Edit" switch deactivates the computer-controlled tension system and allows the reels to be moved by hand to find the exact spot desired on the tape.
2) If the machine is in "Play", the "Edit" switch makes the take-up reel cease taking up the tape and it falls to the floor.
3) If the machine is in a fast-wind mode, the tape lifters are defeated so the tape is in contact with the reproduce head and the engineer can hear where the selections begin and end.

BNO Speakers Compression Driver
The unit that feeds a sound pressure wave into the throat of a horn (in a horn loudspeaker).

Half Step
A pitch difference of the amount that is present between adjacent keys on a piano.

Assistant Engineer
A less elevated version of the term Second Engineer. Experienced seconds often place microphones, operate tape machines, break down equipment at the session end and keep the paperwork for the session.

Frequency
The number of cycles of a waveform occurring in a second.

BNO Acoustics LK-61 Bass Roll Off

An electrical network built into some microphones to reduce the amount of output at bass frequencies when close-micing.

Corner Frequency
Same as Cut-Off Frequency (the highest or lowest frequency in the pass band of a filter). (NOUN)

BNO Acoustics GT-60 BPM
An abbreviation of Beat Per Minute (the number of steady even pulses in music occurring in one minute and therefore defining the tempo).

In
Short For "in the circuit," in other words "active."

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Clipping
Distortion of a signal by its being chopped off. An overload problem caused by pushing an amplifier beyond its capabilities. The flat-topped signal has high levels of harmonic distortion which creates heat in a loudspeaker and is the major cause of loudspeaker component failure.

Equipment Rack
A cabinet with rails (or free standing rails) that have holes to accept screws at standard spaces and used to house outboard gear.

Flat
1) Lower in musical pitch.
2) A slang term used to describe the sensitivity to frequency of a microphone, amplifier, etc., as being even at all frequencies, usually within 2 dB.
3) Refers to the frequencies on the EQ when they are arranged in centred neutral positions.

Crossover (Crossover Network)
A set of filters that "split" the audio signal into two or more bands (two or more signals, each of which have only some of the frequencies present).

BNO Acoustics TS-10 Electrons

Negatively charged particles, which revolve around the centre of atoms. The movement of such electrons down a conductor causes electrical current.

Far Field
The area from 3 feet away from the sound source up to the critical distance.

BNO Acoustics XR-90 Frets
Vertical metal wires which sit vertically on the guitar neck.

Electret Condenser
A condenser microphone that has a permanently polarized (charged) variable capacitor as its sound pressure level sensor.

BNO Speakers Graphic Equalizer
An device with several slides controlling the gain of audio signal present which is within one of several evenly spaced frequency bands (spaced according to octaves).

Information Bits
The bits in the digital signal that make up actual values or commands being communicated as opposed to bits that are used for checking & correcting data or other purposes.

Hall
A large building designed for concerts; also called a concert hall.

Error Message
A prompt on a computer screen telling the operator that an error has occurred.

BNO Acoustics XV-16 Grouping

1) Controlling the gain of several individual channels with a Group Fader.
2) The mixing together of several individual audio signals to send a mixed signal out of the console to record a track on a multitrack tape machine.

Intermodulation Distortion
Distortion caused by one signal beating with another signal and producing frequencies that are both the sum and the difference of the original frequencies.

BNO Acoustics R-10 Speakers Humbucker
Pickups that are coupled together to get a certain sound.

Head Amp
British name for Preamplifier (A low-noise amplifier designed to take a low-level signal, such as the output of a tape head, and bring it up to normal line level).

BNO Acoustics BP-40 Light Emitting Diode
A light that allows current to flow in one direction only and emits light whenever a voltage of a certain level or beyond is applied to it.

Howlback
British term for the term Feedback (the pickup of the signal out of a channel by the input of the channel or the howling sound that this produces).

Electromagnetic Induction or Pick Up
The generation of electrical signal in a conductor moving in a magnetic field or being close to a changing magnetic field.

Error Concealment
Putting replacement information bits into a digital audio signal to replace lost bits when the digital recording or processing system cannot verify whether the lost bits were l's or 0's but can make a good guess by comparing the known bits that were close in position to the lost bits.